International Volcano Research Centre Apache Junction, Arizona USA

Volcano Tofua in the Tonga Is., Pacific Ocean
Photo courtesy of NASA.

The Latest News On Current Eruptions
For Year 2008 .......

BOUGAINVILLE (PNG)
Volcano: BALBI

05.92S 154.98E 2715m

Balbi photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 8th of May, the Global Volcanism Network (GVN) has reported that based on information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that Balbi erupted on the 7th of May. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery. INTLVRC will report more inofrmation on this eruption when it is received.

The large Balbi stratovolcano forms the highest point on Bougainville Island. The 2715-m-high summit of the complex andesitic volcano is part of a large number of coalesced cones and lava domes. Five well-preserved craters occupy a NW-SE-trending ridge north of the summit cone, which also contains a crater. Three large valleys with steep headwalls dissect the flanks of the volcano. The age of the most recent eruption of Balbi volcano is not known precisely. An oral tradition of a major eruption during the 19th century is now thought to be in error, but could refer to minor eruptive activity from this relatively youthful-looking volcano. Fumaroles ares located within 600-m-wide Crater B and on its western flank.

The Current Colour Code for Balbi is currently at ALERT LEVEL 2 .

The volcano Balbi in Bougainville (PNG) has not been monitored nor forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008. Since this volcano has no know last eruption ( it may have come out of extinction or dormancy for ~10,000 yrs), it will now be tracked and monitored for further events. This eruption will not be included in the statistical analysis for year 2008 except for the eruption count total.

CHILE
Volcano: CHAITEN

42.83S 072.65W 1122 m

Chaiten photo courtesy of NASA.

Latest NOAA satellite image of the Chaiten eruption.

As of the 11th of May, the Global Volcanism Network (GVN) reported that ash emissions continue at Chaitén volcano in Chile. There has been interruptions in electricity supplies in Futaleufu due to the accumulation of ash. Drinking water has been supplied by truck from Argentina. Medical assessments and preventative vaccinations are taking place for the affected population. Bulldozers are working to clear ash from roads. Evacuees at Puerto Montt have been supplied with blankets and matresses. Over the next few days predicted winds will blow ash towards Argentina. The alert level remains at the highest rating, RED.

Chaitén is a small, glacier-free late-Pleistocene caldera with a Holocene lava dome located 10 km NE of the town of Chaitén on the Gulf of Corcovado. The north side of the rhyolitic, 962-m-high obsidian lava dome occupying the 3.5-km-wide caldera is unvegetated. Obsidian cobbles from this dome found in the Blanco River are the source of prehistorical artifacts from archaeological sites along the Pacific coast as far as 400 km away from the volcano to the north and south. The caldera is breached on the SW side by a river that drains to the bay of Chaitén, and the high point on its southern rim reaches 1122 m. Two small lakes occupy the caldera floor on the west and north sides of the lava dome. Moreno (1985 pers. comm.) noted that the nearby volcano of Yelcho listed by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (1973) does not exist.

The Current Colour Code for Chaiten is currently at the RED Alert Level.

The volcano Chaiten in Chile has not been monitored nor forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008. Since this volcano has come out of near extinction (dormancy for ~10,000 yrs), it will now be tracked and monitored for further events. This eruption will not be included in the statistical analysis for year 2008 except for the eruption count total.

CHILE
Volcano: LLAIMA

38.69S 071.73W 3125m

Llaima photo courtesy of Reuters.

Latest NOAA satellite image of the Llaima eruption.

As of the 1st of May, the El Observatorio Volcanológico de los Andes del Sur (OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN) reported that on 24 April, seismicity from Llaima increased and gas-and-ash plumes associated with explosions rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,100 ft) a.s.l. No morphological changes to the summit were observed during an overflight on 25 April, except for a small increase of the diameter of the SE crater. Bluish gas was emitted from the main crater.

L laima, one of Chile's largest and most active volcanoes, contains two historically active craters, one at the summit and the other, Pichillaima, to the SE. The massive 3125-m-high, dominantly basaltic-to-andesitic stratovolcano has a volume of 400 cu km. A Holocene edifice built primarily of accumulated lava flows was constructed over an 8-km-wide caldera that formed about 13,200 years ago, following the eruption of the 24 cu km Curacautín Ignimbrite. More than 40 scoria cones dot the volcano's flanks. Following the end of an explosive stage about 7200 years ago, construction of the present edifice began, characterized by strombolian, hawaiian, and infrequent subplinian eruptions. Frequent moderate explosive eruptions with occasional lava flows have been recorded since the 17th century.

The Current Colour Code for Llaima is currently at YELLOW .

The volcano Llaima in Chile was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 70.47% probability of an eruption event.

JAPAN
Volcano: SAKURA-JIMA

31.59N 130.66E 1117 m

Sakura-Jima photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 8th of May, the Global Volcanism Network (GVN) reported that based on information from JMA and observations of satellite imagery, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 6-7 May eruption plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 2.4-3.4 km (8,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted S.

Sakura-Jima, one of Japan's most active volcanoes, is a post-caldera cone of the Aira caldera at the northern half of Kagoshima Bay. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow accompanied formation of the 17 x 23 km wide Aira caldera about 22,000 years ago. The smaller Wakamiko caldera was formed during the early Holocene in the NE corner of the Aira caldera, along with several post-caldera cones. The construction of Sakura-Jima began about 13,000 years ago on the southern rim of Aira caldera and built an island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kita-dake summit cone ended about 4850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minami-dake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical eruption took place during 1471-76.

The Current Colour Code for Sakura-Jima is currently at the ORANGE Alert Level.

The volcano Sakura-Jima in Japan was previously and successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 90.63% probability of an eruption event.

JAPAN
Volcano: SUWANOSE-JIMA

29.64N 129.72E 799 m

Suwanose-Jima photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 24th of April, the Global Volcanism Network (GVN) reported that based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion from Suwanose-Jima occurred on the 16th of April. The altitude and direction of a possible resultant plume were not reported.

The 8-km-long, spindle-shaped island of Suwanose-Jima in the northern Ryukyu Islands consists of an andesitic stratovolcano with two historically active summit craters. Only about 50 persons live on the sparsely populated island. The summit of the volcano is truncated by a large breached crater extending to the sea on the east flank that was formed by edifice collapse. Suwanose-jima, one of Japan's most frequently active volcanoes, was in a state of intermittent Strombolian activity from On-take (Otake), the NE summit crater, that began in 1949 and lasted until 1996, after which periods of inactivity lengthened. The largest historical eruption took place in 1813-14, when thick scoria deposits blanketed residential areas, and the SW crater produced two lava flows that reached the western coast. At the end of the eruption the summit of On-take collapsed forming a large debris avalanche and creating the horseshoe-shaped Sakuchi caldera, which extends to the eastern coast. The island remained uninhabited for about 70 years after the 1813-1814 eruption. Lava flows reached the eastern coast of the island in 1884.

The Current Colour Code for Suwanose-Jima is currently at the ORANGE Alert Level.

The volcano Suwanose-Jima in Japan was previously and successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 85.35% probability of an eruption event.

INDONESIA
Volcano: KRAKATAU

06.10S 105.42E 813 m

Krakatau photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 25th of April, the CVGHM reported that Krakatau is getting active again. CVGHM reported increased seismicity during 14-21 April as well as ash plumes accompanied by ejections of incandescent rocks observed during field observations on 16, 17, and 18 April. The renewed eruption affected the summit and the E and S flanks. Booming noises were reported and occasionally heard at an observation post 42 km away. The Alert Level was raised to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 21 April.

The renowned volcano Krakatau (frequently misstated as Krakatoa) lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of the ancestral Krakatau edifice, perhaps in 416 AD, formed a 7-km-wide caldera. Remnants of this ancestral volcano are preserved in Verlaten and Lang Islands; subsequently Rakata, Danan and Perbuwatan volcanoes were formed, coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatau Island. Caldera collapse during the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan volcanoes, and left only a remnant of Rakata volcano. This eruption, the 2nd largest in Indonesia during historical time, caused more than 36,000 fatalities, most as a result of devastating tsunamis that swept the adjacent coastlines of Sumatra and Java. Pyroclastic surges traveled 40 km across the Sunda Strait and reached the Sumatra coast. After a quiescence of less than a half century, the post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) was constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point between the former cones of Danan and Perbuwatan. Anak Krakatau has been the site of frequent eruptions since 1927.

The Current Colour Code for Krakatau is currently at the ALERT LEVEL 3 Alert Level.

The volcano Krakatau in Indonesia was previously and successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 72.79% probability of an eruption event.

INDONESIA
Volcano: EGON

08.67S 122.45E 1703 m

Egon photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 17th of April, the Volcano Society of Indonesia (VSI) has reported to INTLVRC that CVGHM reported that white plumes from Egon continued to rise to an altitude of 1.8 km (5,900 ft) a.s.l. during 4-14 April. A peak in seismicity was reached during 6-7 April and then declined significantly during 7-15 April. On 15 April, a phreatic explosion produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 5.7 km (18,700 ft) a.s.l. and drifted about 25 km W, reaching the town of Maumere. A team of emergency personnel in the closest village to the explosion reported that about 600 people evacuated. CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 3 (on a scale of 1-4). The status of the Egon volcano activity was increased became Alert (the III LEVEL) since April 15 2008 struck 2300 hrs. Egon goes to alert the level 3, started from 2300 hrs WIB, on April 15 2008 2215hrs WITA, on April 15 2008, phreatic eruption occurred and the ash column rose up to 4000 metres above the crater of Egon. Results of the evaluation of the Egon activity in the Sikka Regency, Propinsi East Nusa Tenggara as follows: On April 14 2008, the Tanggap Team of the Egon Emergency from the Centre of Vulcanology and Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Bandung was in the field and did: A. The evaluation of theEgon activity that showed the decline in seismicity since the increase seismicity that happened in the date 6 and on April 7 2008. B. Coordinated and gave the technical recommendation to Regional Government Sikka berkenaan the increase suddenly the Egon activity. the Egon eruption activity happened, the monitoring carefully and menerus by the Preceptive Team of the Emergency in the Observation Post Egon continued to be carried out for knew/joined the latest activity of the volcano. Tim Tanggap of the Emergency with the Kabupaten Sikka Regional Government was to the closest village from the centre of the eruption, reported that around 600 souls from the Baokrenget Village, Desa Egon Gahar, Kecamatan Mapitara fled ketempat that Tim Tanggap of the Emergency reported did not have fatalities.

The Egon volcano sits astride the narrow waist of eastern Flores Island. The barren, sparsely vegetated summit region has a 350-m-wide, 200-m-deep crater that sometimes contains a lake. Other small crater lakes occur on the flanks of the 1703-m-high volcano, which is also known as Namang. A lava dome forms the southern 1671-m-high summit. Solfataric activity occurs on the crater wall and rim and on the upper southern flank. Reports of historical eruptive activity prior to explosive eruptions beginning in 2004 were inconclusive. A column of "smoke" was often observed above the summit during 1888-1891 and in 1892. Strong "smoke" emission in 1907 reported by Sapper (1917) was considered by the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (Neumann van Padang, 1951) to be an historical eruption, but Kemmerling (1929) noted that this was likely confused with an eruption on the same date and time from Lewotobi Lakilaki volcano.

The Current Colour Code for Egon is currently at the ALERT LEVEL 3 Alert Level.

The volcano Egon in Indonesia was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 54.02% probability of an eruption event.

HALMAHERA (Indonesia)
Volcano: IBU

01.49N 127.63E 1325 m

Ibu photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 24th of April, CVGHM reported that seismicity from Ibu increased during 6-14 April and remained elevated during 15-20 April. Plumes described as "eruption smoke" rose to altitude of 1.8-2.1 km (5,900-6,900 ft) a.s.l. during 12-21 April and were gray during 18-21 April. The Alert Level was increased to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 21 April. Residents and tourists were not permitted within 2 km of the crater.

The truncated summit of Gunung Ibu stratovolcano along the NW coast of Halmahera Island has large nested summit craters. The inner crater, 1 km wide and 400 m deep, contained several small crater lakes through much of historical time. The outer crater, 1.2 km wide, is breached on the north side, creating a steep-walled valley. A large parasitic cone is located ENE of the summit. A smaller one to the WSW has fed a lava flow down the western flank. A group of maars is located below the northern and western flanks of the volcano. Only a few eruptions have been recorded from Ibu in historical time, the first a small explosive eruption from the summit crater in 1911. An eruption producing a lava dome that eventually covered much of the floor of the inner summit crater began in December 1998.

The Current Colour Code for Ibu is currently at the ALERT LEVEL 3 Alert Level.

The volcano Ibu in Halmahera was not successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with as it had only a 42.0% probability of an eruption event.

SUMATRA
Volcano: KERINCI

01.70S 101.26E 3800 m

Kerinci photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 7th of April, the Global Volcanism Network (GVN) has reported and confirmed to INTLVRC that seismicity from Kerinci increased during 17-24 March. On 24 March, an ash-and-gas plume rose to an altitude of 4.3 (14,100 ft) a.s.l. The Alert Status remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4). Residents and visitors were advised not to enter an area within 1 km of the summit.

The 3800-m-high Gunung Kerinci in central Sumatra forms Indonesia's highest volcano and is one of the most active in Sumatra. Kerinci is capped by an unvegetated young summit cone that was constructed NE of an older crater remnant. The volcano contains a deep 600-m-wide summit crater often partially filled by a small crater lake that lies on the NE crater floor, opposite the SW-rim summit of Kerinci. The massive 13 x 25 km wide volcano towers 2400-3300 m above surrounding plains and is elongated in a N-S direction. The frequently active Gunung Kerinci has been the source of numerous moderate explosive eruptions since its first recorded eruption in 1838.

The Current Colour Code for Kerinci. is currently at the ALERT LEVEL 1 Alert Level.

The volcano Kerinci in Sumatra was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 84.8% probability of an eruption event.

NEW BRITAIN (PNG)
Volcano: GARBUNA GROUP

05.45S 150.03E 564 m

Garbunba photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 27th of March, the Global Volcanism Network (GVN) & the Rabaul VOlcano Observatory (RVO has reported and confirmed to INTLVRC that white plumes from two sources at the summit of Garbuna drifted SE during 19-21 March. Ashfall and a strong sulfur odor were reported in Kimbe Town (about 17 km SE) on 19 March.

Renewed eruptive activity from Garbuna started on 11 March and consisted of ash emissions accompanied by occasional booming noises. The resultant ash plumes rose to an altitude less that 1.6 km (5,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. Fine ashfall was reported in areas downwind. Ash emissions continued during 12-13 March. During 14-15 March, steam-and-ash plumes again rose to an altitude less that 1.6 km (5,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. Ashfall and a sulfur odor was reported from areas downwind. Occasional booming noises were heard. On 16 March, steam plumes rose to an altitude of 1.6 km (5,200 ft) a.s.l. Observers from KVO (15 km SE) reported that multiple steam plumes rose from numerous vents at the summit. Steam plumes were again noted on 17 and 18 March and a strong sulfur odor was noticed on 18 March.

The basaltic-to-dacitic Garbuna volcano group consists of three volcanic peaks, Krummel, Garbuna, and Welcker. They are located along a 7-km N-S line above a shield-like foundation at the southern end of the Willaumez Peninsula. The central and lower peaks of the centrally located 564-m-high Garbuna volcano contain a large vegetation-free area that is probably the most extensive thermal field in Papua New Guinea. A prominent lava dome and blocky lava flow in the center of thermal area have resisted destruction by thermal activity, and may be of Holocene age. The 854-m-high Krummel volcano at the south end of the group contains a summit crater, breached to the NW. The highest peak of the Garbuna group is 1005-m-high Welcker volcano, which has fed blocky lava flows that extend to the eastern coast of the peninsula. The last major eruption from both it and Garbuna volcanoes took place about 1800 years ago. The first historical eruption of the complex took place at Garbuna in October 2005.

The Current Colour Code for Garbuna. is currently at the ALERT LEVEL 2 Alert Level.

The volcano Garbuna in New Britain (PNG) was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 50.34% probability of an eruption event.

BOUGAINVILLE (PNG)
Volcano: BAGANA

06.14S 155.20E 1750 m

Bagana photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 8th of March, the Volcano Discovery has reported to INTLVRC that based on satellite imagery and information from RVO, Bagana volcano has been producing small ash explosions since the 3rd of March. Also, based on observations of satellite imagery and information from RVO, the Darwin VAAC reported that a diffuse plume from Bagana rose to an altitude of less than 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Bagana volcano, occupying a remote portion of central Bougainville Island, is one of Melanesia's youngest and most active volcanoes. Bagana is a massive symmetrical, roughly 1750-m-high lava cone largely constructed by an accumulation of viscous andesitic lava flows. The entire lava cone could have been constructed in about 300 years at its present rate of lava production. Eruptive activity at Bagana is frequent and is characterized by non-explosive effusion of viscous lava that maintains a small lava dome in the summit crater, although explosive activity occasionally producing pyroclastic flows also occurs. Lava flows form dramatic, freshly preserved tongue-shaped lobes up to 50-m-thick with prominent levees that descend the volcano's flanks on all sides.

The Current Colour Code for Bagana. is currently at the ALERT LEVEL 3 Alert Level.

The volcano Bagana in Bougainville (PNG) was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 99.67% probability of an eruption event.

ALEUTIAN IS.
Volcano: Mt. CLEVELAND

52.83N 169.94W 1730 m

Mt. Cleveland photo courtesy of AVO.

As of the 11th of May, the Alaska Volcano Obsetrvatory (AVO) reported that clouds obscured satellite views of Mt. Cleveland volcano last night. AVO has received no reports of activity during the last 24 hours. AVO monitors Mt. Cleveland volcano with satellite imagery as weather allows. The lack of a real-time seismic network at Mt. Cleveland means that AVO is unable to track local earthquake activity related to volcanic unrest. Short-lived explosions of ash that could exceed 20,000 ft above sea level can occur without warning and may go undetected on satellite imagery.

Beautifully symmetrical Mt. Cleveland stratovolcano is situated at the western end of the uninhabited, dumbbell-shaped Chuginadak Island. It lies SE across Carlisle Pass strait from Carlisle volcano and NE across Chuginadak Pass strait from Herbert volcano. Cleveland is joined to the rest of Chuginadak Island by a low isthmus. The 1730-m-high Mt. Cleveland is the highest of the Islands of the Four Mountains group and is one of the most active of the Aleutian Islands. The native name for Mt. Cleveland, Chuginadak, refers to the Aleut goddess of fire, who was thought to reside on the volcano. Numerous large lava flows descend the steep-sided flanks of the volcano. It is possible that some 18th-to-19th century eruptions attributed to Carlisle should be ascribed to Mt. Cleveland (Miller et al., 1998). In 1944 Mt. Cleveland produced the only known fatality from an Aleutian eruption. Recent eruptions from Mt. Cleveland have been characterised by short-lived explosive ash emissions, at times accompanied by lava fountaining and lava flows down the flanks.

The Current Colour Code for Mt. Cleveland is currently at the YELLOW Alert Level.

The volcano Mt. Cleveland in the Aleutian Is. was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 74.03% probability of an eruption event.

E. AFRICA
Volcano: OL DOINYO LENGAI

02.76S 035.91E 2962 m

Ol Doinyo Lengai photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 17th of April, the Global Volcanism Network (GVN) has reported to INTLVRC that according to Frederick Belton's Ol Doinyo Lengai website, a visitor observed an ash plume during an overflight on 8 April.

The symmetrical Ol Doinyo Lengai stratovolcano is the only volcano known to have erupted carbonatite tephras and lavas in historical time. The prominent volcano, known as "The Mountain of God," rises abruptly above the broad plain S of Lake Natron. The cone-building stage of the volcano ended about 15,000 years ago and was followed by periodic ejection of natrocarbonatite and nephelinite tephra during the Holocene. Historical eruptions have consisted of smaller tephra eruptions and emission of numerous natrocarbonatitic lava flows on the floor of the summit crater. Petrologists first observed the eruption of carbonatitic lava flows in the 1960s. Subsequent more frequent visits have documented long-term lava effusion in the summit crater that would not have been seen from the foot of the volcano.

The Current Colour Code for Ol Doinyo Lengai is currently at Alert Level YELLOW .

The volcano Ol Doinyo Lengai in E. Africa was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 87.60% probability of an eruption event.

COLOMBIA
Volcano: GALERAS

01.22N 077.37W 4276 m

Galeras photo courtesy of INGEOMINAS.

As of the 7th of May, the Observatory Vulcanológico and Sismológico de Pasto - INGEOMINAS, informs that the predominant seismicity was associate with flowed processes of dynamics of of hydrothermal and magmatic origin which was concordant with the observations of the column of gas discharge that reached heights of up to 1700 m and which it could be appraised from the city of San Juan de Pasto and neighbouring populations, in addition to an increase in the flow of SO₂ emissions. The volcano stands out with an increase in the occurrence of earthquakes that jointly involve processes of dynamics of fluid and fracturing of cortical material that demonstrates contemplated own changes within the present behaviour of the volcanic activity.

Galeras, a stratovolcano with a large breached caldera located immediately west of the city of Pasto, is one of Colombia's most frequently active volcanoes. The dominantly andesitic Galeras volcanic complex has been active for more than 1 million years, and two major caldera collapse eruptions took place during the late Pleistocene. Long-term extensive hydrothermal alteration has affected the volcano. This has contributed to large-scale edifice collapse that has occurred on at least three occasions, producing debris avalanches that swept to the west and left a large horseshoe-shaped caldera inside which the modern cone has been constructed. Major explosive eruptions since the mid Holocene have produced widespread tephra deposits and pyroclastic flows that swept all but the southern flanks. A central cone slightly lower than the caldera rim has been the site of numerous small-to-moderate historical eruptions since the time of the Spanish conquistadors.

The Current Colour Code for Galeras is currently at LEVEL III .

The volcano Galeras in Colombia was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 90.74% probability of an eruption event.

COLOMBIA
Volcano: NEVADO del HUILA

02.93N 076.03W 5365m

Nevado del Huila photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 8th of May, the National Institute Of Sismología, Volcanology, Meteorology And Hidrologia, INGEOMINAS reported that during the week of the 30th of April to the 6th of May, a total of 147 seismic events was registered. Of them, 64 are related to fracturing of rock, 71 with the dynamics of flowed within the volcanic conduits, 5 with mechanisms composed of fluid fracture and movement of and 7 pulses of tremor of low magnitude. In today a fly over was made to the volcanic complex. Although the direct visualisation of flanks NE was impossible and NW of the complex, did not demonstrate superficial changes significant associate with the activity of the volcano. In the visual inspection, fumarolic activity with dispersion was observed towards the NW flank. Of the previous, one concludes that the volcanic complex presents/displays low levels of activity, with slight excitations of the system.

Nevado del Huila, the highest active volcano in Colombia, is an elongated N-S-trending volcanic chain mantled by a glacier icecap. The 5365-m-high andesitic-dacitic volcano was constructed within a 10-km-wide caldera. Volcanism at Nevado del Huila has produced six volcanic cones whose ages in general migrated from south to north. The high point of the complex is Pico Central. Two glacier-free lava domes lie at the southern end of the Nevade del Huila volcanic complex. The first historical eruption from this little known volcano was an explosive eruption in the mid-16th century. Two persistent steam columns rise from Pico Central, and hot springs are also present.

The Current Colour Code for Nevado del Huila is currently at ORANGE .

The volcano Nevado del Huila in Colombia was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 100% probability of an eruption event.

GUATEMALA
Volcano: PACAYA

14.38N 090.60W 2552m

Pacaya photo courtesy of INSIVUMEH.

As of the 10th of May, the National Institute Of Sismología, Volcanology, Meteorology And Hidrologia, (INSIVUMEH) has reported that for Atmospheric Conditions: Cleared. Pluvial Precipitation: 3.8 mm. Wind speed: 4.0 km/hr. Direction: Southwest. Activity: On the Mackenney crater, white fumarole of steam of water and volcanic gases stays mainly. The lava flows, continue fed by fissures in the part the northwest on the volcano, flowing within the plateaus these, constantly change of direction and size, in front of the Cerro Chino, reaching of 150 to 250 metres in length. The seismic activity that is registered in PCG is of superficial events associated with small explosions and per moments tremor (vibration internal) due to the exit and drag lava flows.

The eruptions from Pacaya, one of Guatemala's most active volcanoes, are frequently visible from Guatemala City, the nation's capital. Pacaya is a complex basaltic volcano constructed just outside the southern topographic rim of the 14 x 16 km Pleistocene Amatitlán caldera. A cluster of dacitic lava domes occupies the southern caldera floor. The post-caldera Pacaya massif includes the Cerro Grande lava dome and a younger volcano to the SW. Collapse of Pacaya volcano about 1100 years ago produced a debris-avalanche deposit that extends 25 km onto the Pacific coastal plain and left an arcuate somma rim inside which the modern Pacaya volcano (MacKenney cone) grew. A subsidiary crater, Cerro Chino, was constructed on the NW somma rim and was last active in the 19th century. During the past several decades, activity at Pacaya has consisted of frequent strombolian eruptions with intermittent lava flow extrusion that has partially filled in the caldera moat and armored the flanks of MacKenney cone, punctuated by occasional larger explosive eruptions that partially destroy the summit of the cone.

The Current Colour Code for Pacaya is currently at ORANGE .

The volcano Pacaya in Guatemala was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 92.88% probability of an eruption event.

GUATEMALA
Volcano: FUEGO

14.47N 090.88W 3763m

Fuego photo courtesy of INSIVUMEH.

As of the 10th of May, the National Institute Of Sismología, Volcanology, Meteorology And Hidrologia, (INSIVUMEH) has reported that for Atmospheric Conditions: Partially Dimmed. Pluvial Precipitation: 3.8 mm. Wind speed: 0.0 km/hr. Direction: West. Activity: The explosions accompanied by moderate rumblings stay, generating sensible shock waves to several kilometres of the volcano, per moments are heard degassing sounds similar to airplane turbines. The explosions have been weak, moderate and strong, expelling gray ash to 300 to 900 metres, on the crater, forming columns of 6 to 8 kilometres in length, moving to the west.

The Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between 3763-m-high Fuego and its twin volcano to the north, Acatenango. Construction of Meseta volcano dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta volcano may have produced the massive Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed, continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at Acatenango. In contrast to the mostly andesitic Acatenango volcano, eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time, and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded at Fuego since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows.

The Current Colour Code for Fuego is currently at ORANGE .

The volcano Fuego in Guatemala was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 74.18% probability of an eruption event.

GUATEMALA
Volcano: SANTA MARIA

14.76N 091.55W 3772m

Santa Maria photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 10th of May, the National Institute Of Sismología, Volcanology, Meteorology And Hidrologia, (INSIVUMEH) has reported that for Atmospheric Conditions: Partially Dimmed. Pluvial Precipitation: 1.0 mm. Wind speed: 0.0 km/hr. Direction: Southwest. Activity: Little it has been observed of the actividy due to the fogginess of the atmosphere, are solely heard avalanches of blocks by flanks of the volcano.

The symmetrical, forest-covered Santa María volcano is one of the most prominent of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rises dramatically above the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The 3772-m-high stratovolcano has a sharp-topped, conical profile that is cut on the SW flank by a large, 1.5-km-wide crater. The oval-shaped crater extends from just below the summit of Volcán Santa María to the lower flank and was formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902. The renowned plinian eruption of 1902 that devastated much of SW Guatemala followed a long repose period after construction of the large basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. The massive dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four westward-younging vents, the most recent of which is Caliente. Dome growth has been accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions, with periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars.

The Current Colour Code for Santa Maria is currently at ORANGE .

The volcano Santa Maria in Guatemala was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 89.38% probability of an eruption event.

WEST INDIES
Volcano: SOUFRIERE HILLS

16.72N 062.18W 915m

Soufriere Hills photo courtesy of Greg Scott, Caribbean Helicopters.
Clear view of the lava dome at Soufrière Hills Volcano from the south
with the crater rim in the foreground. 7 January 2008.

As of the 10th of May, the Monstserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO) reported that the pause in dome growth at the Soufriere Hills Volcano continues. Measurable activity remains low although there was a small pyroclastic flow on the eastern flank of the volcano at 0200hrs on Monday, the 5th of May. Light ashfall was reported in the Old Town area and fresh ash was evident in the Corkhill and St Georges Hill areas for several days afterwards. The flow may have been triggered by very heavy rainfall at the time, which also generated lahars. The volcano-tectonic earthquake activity recorded at the end of April stopped on 2nd of May. This week, the seismic network recorded five rockfalls, five long-period events and ten volcano-tectonic earthquakes. Eight of the ten volcano-tectonic earthquakes were associated with the pyroclastic flow on 5th May and were located at very shallow depths in the vicinity of the dome. The average sulphur dioxide flux for the week was 630 tons per day, with daily values ranging from 523 to 946. Although there is currently no lava extrusion, the dome is still a very large mass of very hot material which is capable of collapsing or exploding at any time. Lahar activity in river valleys around the volcano is a potential hazard during and after periods of heavy rainfall. The alert level remains at 4.

The complex, dominantly andesitic Soufrière Hills volcano occupies the southern half of the island of Montserrat. The summit area consists primarily of a series of lava domes emplaced along an ESE-trending zone. English's Crater, a 1-km-wide crater breached widely to the east, was formed during an eruption about 4000 years ago in which the summit collapsed, producing a large submarine debris avalanche. Block-and-ash flow and surge deposits associated with dome growth predominate in flank deposits at Soufrière Hills. Non-eruptive seismic swarms occurred at 30-year intervals in the 20th century, but with the exception of a 17th-century eruption that produced the Castle Peak lava dome, no historical eruptions were recorded on Montserrat until 1995. Long-term small-to-moderate ash eruptions beginning in that year were later accompanied by lava-dome growth and pyroclastic flows that forced evacuation of the southern half of the island and ultimately destroyed the capital city of Plymouth, causing major social and economic disruption.

The Current Colour Code for Soufriere Hills is currently at ALERT LEVEL 4 .

The volcano Soufriere Hills on Montserrat in the Caribbean was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 100% probability of an eruption event.

PERU
Volcano: UBINAS

16.36S 070.90W 5672m

Ubinas photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 8th of May, the El Observatorio Volcanológico de los Andes del Sur (OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN) reported that based on SIGMET reports and observations of satellite imagery, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that ash plumes from Ubinas rose to altitudes of 5.5-9.1 km (18,000-30,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE during 30 April-3 May. According to news articles, an ash-and-gas plume rose to an altitude of 6.2 km (20,300 ft) a.s.l. on 2 May. Ashfall was reported in local communities and dozens of residents of Querapi, about 4.5 km SE, were evacuated.

A small, 1.4-km-wide caldera cuts the top of Ubinas, Peru's most active volcano, giving it a truncated appearance. Ubinas is the northernmost of three young volcanoes located along a regional structural lineament about 50 km behind the main volcanic front of Perú. The growth and destruction of Ubinas I volcano was followed by construction of Ubinas II volcano beginning in the mid-Pleistocene. The upper slopes of the andesitic-to-rhyolitic Ubinas II stratovolcano are composed primarily of andesitic and trachyandesitic lava flows and steepen to nearly 45 degrees. The steep-walled, 150-m-deep summit caldera contains an ash cone with a 500-m-wide funnel-shaped vent that is 200 m deep. Debris-avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank of Ubinas about 3700 years ago extend 10 km from the volcano. Widespread plinian pumice-fall deposits from Ubinas include one of Holocene age about 1000 years ago. Holocene lava flows are visible on the volcano's flanks, but historical activity, documented since the 16th century, has consisted of intermittent minor-to-moderate explosive eruptions.

The Current Colour Code for Ubinas is currently at ORANGE .

The volcano Ubinas in Chile was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with a 67.00% probability of an eruption event.

KAMCHATKA (Russia)
Volcano: KARYMSKY

54.05N 159.54E 1586m

Karymsky photo courtesy of NASA.

Continuous"Live-Cam" of Karymsky

As of the 11th of May , the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) has reported that an eruption has occurred at Karymsky volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. A surge in seismic activity was recorded at the volcano. Ash emissions reached 4.5 km altitude. There is no danger to nearby settlements.

Activity of the volcano continues and ash explosions up to 6 km (or 19,700 ft.) ASL could occur at any time. The explosive activity of the volcano could affect low-flying aircraft in the vicinity of the volcano. Seismic activity was slightly above background levels on May 03 and 07, and at the background levels in the other days. According to seismic data, possible ash-gas explosions up to 3.0 km (9,800 ft) ASL occurred at the volcano on May 3rd and 7th. According to the data from AMC Yelizovo, an ash plume rising up to ~ 5.0 km (16,400 ft) ASL was observed by pilots of an international aircraft on May 6th.

Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. The caldera cuts the south side of the Pleistocene Dvor volcano and is located outside the north margin of the large mid-Pleistocene Polovinka caldera, which contains the smaller Akademia Nauk and Odnoboky calderas. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, which is located immediately south of Karymsky volcano. The caldera enclosing Karymsky volcano formed about 7600-7700 radiocarbon years ago; construction of the Karymsky stratovolcano began about 2000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater.

The Current Colour Code for Karymsky is currently at ORANGE .

The volcano Karymsky in Kamchatka was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with 100.0% probability.

KAMCHATKA (Russia)
Volcano: BEZYMIANNY

55.98N 160.59E 2882m

Bezymianny photo courtesy of NASA.

Latest MODIS satellite image of the Bezymianny eruption.

Continuous"Live-Cam" of Bezymianny

As of the 9th of May, the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) has reported that growth of the lava dome continues. A viscous lava flow is effusing at the lava dome. Sudden ash emission related to this activity could affect low-flying aircraft in the vicinity of the volcano. Seismic activity was at the background levels all week. According to visual and video data, a weak and moderate fumarolic activity was noted on May 5-6th and 8th. Clouds obscured the volcano in the other days. According to satellite data, a thermal anomaly was registered over the lava dome on May 5-8th.

Prior to its noted 1955-56 eruption, Bezymianny volcano had been considered extinct. The modern Bezymianny volcano, much smaller in size than its massive neighbours Kamen and Kliuchevskoi, was formed about 4700 years ago over a late-Pleistocene lava-dome complex and an ancestral volcano that was built between about 11,000-7000 years ago. Three periods of intensified activity have occurred during the past 3000 years. The latest period, which was preceded by a 1000-year quiescence, began with the dramatic 1955-56 eruption. This eruption, similar to that of Mt. St. Helens in 1980, produced a large horseshoe-shaped crater that was formed by collapse of the summit and an associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing lava-dome growth, accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has largely filled the 1956 crater.

The Current Colour Code for Bezymianny is currently at YELLOW .

The volcano Bezymianny in Kamchatka was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with 90.64% probability.

KAMCHATKA (Russia)
Volcano: SHEVELUCH

56.65N 161.36E 3263m

Sheveluch image courtesy of NASA.

Continuous"Live-Cam" of Sheveluch

As of the 9th of May, the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) has reported to INTLVRC that seismic activity of the volcano decreased but continues and ash explosions up to 10 km (32,800 ft.) ASL could occur at any time. The activity of the volcano could affect international and low-flying aircraft. Seismicity was slightly above background levels on May 5th, and at the background levels in the other days. According to seismic data, probably small hot avalanches continues to occurred at the lava dome. According to visual and video data, a weak and moderate fumarolic activity was noted on May 5-6th and 8th. Clouds obscured the volcano in the other days. According to satellite data, a bright thermal anomaly was registered over the lava dome on May 5-8th. Probably an extrusion of the viscose lava into the dome continues and explosions could occur at any time.

The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskoi volcano group. The 1300 cu km Shiveluch is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large horseshoe-shaped caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. At least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera.

The Current Colour Code for Sheveluch is currently at ORANGE.

The volcano Sheveluch in Kamchatka was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with 100.00% probability.

UNITED STATES
Volcano: Mt. St. HELENS

46.20N 122.18W 2549m

Mt. St. Helens photo courtesy of the USGS.

Continuous"Live-Cam" of Mt. St. Helens.

Latest NOAA satellite image of the Mt. St. Helens eruption.

As of the 10th of May, the Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO) reported that the pause pause in lava dome growth continues, and all our monitoring instruments show trifling or nil volcanic-related activity. This pause, which began in late January 2008, was recognised by absence of measurable growth among successive fixed-camera images, nearly quiescent seismicity, and the absence of tilt signals that might characterise extrusion of lava from the conduit.

CVO continues to monitor closely for evidence of renewed extrusion or other activity. The new lava dome remains hot in places; thus, it is capable of producing hot avalanches or small steam explosions that could cause hazardous conditions in and around the crater. Sudden melting of snow and ice could send small lahars onto the Pumice Plain and perhaps down the Toutle River as far as the Sediment Retention Structure (SRS). Ash clouds from explosions could affect aircraft.

Recent Observations: Monitoring data from field sites showed no change during the past week--the volcano remains quiet. The U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Washington continue to monitor the situation closely and will issue additional updates and changes in alert level as warranted.

Prior to 1980, Mt. St. Helens formed a conical, youthful volcano sometimes known as the Fuji-san of America. During the 1980 eruption the upper 400 m of the summit was removed by slope failure, leaving a 2 x 3.5 km horseshoe-shaped crater now partially filled by a lava dome. Mt. St. Helens was formed during nine eruptive periods beginning about 40-50,000 years ago, and has been the most active volcano in the Cascade Range during the Holocene. The modern edifice was constructed during the last 2,200 years, when the volcano produced basaltic as well as andesitic and dacitic products from summit and flank vents. Historical eruptions in the 19th century originated from the Goat Rocks area on the N flank, and were witnessed by early settlers.

The Current Colour Code for volcano Mt. St. Helens remains at YELLOW.

The Mt. St. Helens volcano in the United States was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with >61.02% probability.

MEXICO
Volcano: COLIMA

19.51N 103.62W 3850m

Colima image as seen by Landsat satellite.

Continuous"Live-Cam" of Colima.

As of the 10th of May, the Government of the State, through the State Unit of Civil Defence-Colima reports that in the last 24 hours, the monitoring of the Colima volcano that the equipment of monitoring of the Colima volcano detected two exhalations, during last the twenty-four hours, which has not caused reports on damages or affectation in the adjacent populations. In the evening yesterday, the top of the volcano was again covered by cloudiness, one of the phenomena caused by the humidity affluence of the Pacific Ocean; so the possibility persists also of light rains in this zone, which is the reason why it is necessary to remind the population to avoid the permanence in bordering ravines, before the possibility of lahars (mud flows). On the other hand, it follows the restriction effective for the over-flights that do not have scientific aims or of civil defence, and is prohibited the permanence of people other people's to these activities in ravines of the volcano. According to the monitoring, until today, it was possible to see cleared the top of the volcano, so that two exhalations of earlier hours of the day were detected: at 0905 hours, one of white colour that rose 250 metres, on the level of the volcanic dome, in southwestern direction; and another one at 0919 hours, of gray colour, that in a vertical direction duplicated the height of the previous one.

Also constant communication with the communitarian brigade that has formed with inhabitants of the town of the Becerrera, to those who exists has become qualified in the self-protection with respect to the natural disasters. Also, permanent contact with the personnel of the military team of Yerbabuena, La Becerrera in Colima, El Jabalí, and Causentla, Cofradía de Tonila, Atenguillo, El Saucillo, El Fresnal, El Embudo, Juan Barragán, Los Machos, El Agostadero and El Borbollón in Jalisco.

They have been continuing the same recommendations established for months, in which it is indicated that who are or live in zone of risk, follow the indications that this organism transmits through mass media; it is necessary to emphasize that the zone of exclusion of activities for the states of Jalisco and Colima is of 7.5 kilometres from the top of the volcano on the channels of ravines. The radius of preventive alert remains in 11.5 kilometres from the top of the volcano, which includes the populations of La Becerrera in Colima, El Jabalí, and Causentla, Cofradía de Tonila, Atenguillo, El Saucillo, El Fresnal, El Embudo, Juan Barragán, Los Machos, El Agostadero and El Borbollón in Jalisco. The permanence in ravines must be avoided Colima, El Cordobán, San Antonio and Monte Grande, in Colima, and San Antonio and El Muerto, La Tuna, Santa Ana, El Cafecito, La Arena and Beltrán-Durazno in Jalisco.

The Colima volcanic complex is the most prominent volcanic centre of the western Mexican Volcanic Belt. It consists of two southward-younging volcanoes, Nevado de Colima (the 4320 m high point of the complex) on the north and the 3850-m-high historically active Volcán de Colima at the south. A group of cinder cones of late-Pleistocene age is located on the floor of the Colima graben west and east of the Colima complex. Volcán de Colima (also known as Volcán Fuego) is a youthful stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera, breached to the south, that has been the source of large debris avalanches. Major slope failures have occurred repeatedly from both the Nevado and Colima cones, and have produced a thick apron of debris-avalanche deposits on three sides of the complex. Frequent historical eruptions date back to the 16th century. Occasional major explosive eruptions (most recently in 1913) have destroyed the summit and left a deep, steep-sided crater that was slowly refilled and then overtopped by lava dome growth.

The Current Colour Code for volcano Colima is YELLOW.

The volcano Colima in Mexico was previously and successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with 100.00% probability.

MEXICO
Volcano: POPOCATEPETL

19.02N 098.62W 5426m

Popocatepetl image courtesy of CENAPRED.

Continuous"Live-Cam" of Popocatepetl.

Latest NOAA satellite image of the Popocatepetl eruption.

As of the 11th of May, the El Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres de la Secretaría de Gobernación (CENAPRED) has reported that in the last 24 hours the monitoring system again detected 5 exhalations acompanied by steam and gas. The other monitored parameters remain without important changes. At the moment of this report CENAPRED can see the volcano with a steam and gas emission. From high to low probability the expected activity scenarios in the next hours, days or weeks are: moderate exhalations, some with ash emissions; occasionally mild incandescence during nights and sporadic low level explosions with low probabilities of incandescent fragment at short distance to the crater. There is a permanent monitoring of the volcano to detect any change. The traffic light of volcanic alert remains in YELLOW Phase 2.

Volcano Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking mountain, towers to 5426 m 70 km SE of Mexico City to form North America's 2nd-highest volcano. The glacier-clad stratovolcano contains a steep-walled, 250-450 m deep crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive debris-avalanche deposits covering broad areas south of the volcano. The modern volcano was constructed to the south of the late-Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile cone. Three major plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place about 800 AD, have occurred from Popocatépetl since the mid Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the volcano. Frequent historical eruptions, first recorded in Aztec codices, have occurred since pre-columbian time.

The Current Colour Code for volcano Popocatepetl is YELLOW.

The volcano Popocatepetl in Mexico was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with 100.00% probability.

ECUADOR
Volcano: TUNGURAHUA

01.47S 078.44W 5023m

Tungurahua image courtesy of Dolores Ochoa, AP .

Latest MODIS satellite image of Tungurahua eruption.

View latest NOAA satellite image of Tungurahua (Updated every 30 minutes)

As of the 11th of May, the Instituto Geofísico (IG) has reported that the seismic activity in number of events and energy is similar to the last days. The sector of the volcano has remained between partially dimmed and dimmed. Light rains appeared. They have not registered lahars. From the environs one reported one slight ash fall and continuous roars of low intensity.

The IG reports that seismicity: A total of 43 events of long period (LP's), 60 episodes of continuous tremor of emission and 3 explosions have been registered (2325hrs, DR=1.47; 0023hrs, DR=1.51; 0751hrs, DR=0.92). The amplitude and duration of the events are similar to the previous days. Ash, emissions and observations: The sector of the volcano has varied between partially dimmed and dimmed. The emissions were in their majority of steam and going to the west. From the sector of Choglontus and Manzano one slight ash fall was reported. Rains and lahars: In the sector of Ulba light rains appeared. They have not registered lahars. Noises: From the sectors of the Palmar, Pondoa and Palitahua reported continuous roars.

Tungurahua, a steep-sided andesitic-dacitic stratovolcano that towers more than 3 km above its northern base, is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes. Three major volcanic edifices have been sequentially constructed since the mid-Pleistocene over a basement of metamorphic rocks. Tungurahua II was built within the past 14,000 years following the collapse of the initial edifice. Tungurahua II itself collapsed about 3000 years ago and produced a large debris-avalanche deposit and a horseshoe-shaped caldera open to the west, inside which the modern glacier-capped stratovolcano (Tungurahua III) was constructed. Historical eruptions have all originated from the summit crater. They have been accompanied by strong explosions and sometimes by pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached populated areas at the volcano's base. Prior to a long-term eruption beginning in 1999 that caused the temporary evacuation of the city of Baños at the foot of the volcano, the last major eruption had occurred from 1916 to 1918, although minor activity continued until 1925.

The official colour of the volcanic alarm light remains on ORANGE .

The Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador was correctly forecasted by ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with >95.0% probability.

********** SHIELD VOLCANOES **********

SICILY
Volcano: Mt. ETNA

37.73N 015.00E 3350m

Mt. Etna photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 11th of May, it has been reported by Volcano Discovery to INTLVRC, that the VolcanoDiscovery Team members Marco Fulle and Rossario Basile report new paroximal eruptions at the SEC area of Mt. Etna volcano and a lava flow into the Valle del Bove. Because of bad weather conditions no more details can be reported yet. Also, since 1600hrs standard time a new paroxysm of the Southern crater East is in hand with fountains of lava and a casting which moves in direction of Valle del Bove.

Mt. Etna, towering above Catania, Sicily's second largest city, has one of the world's longest documented records of historical volcanism, dating back to 1500 BC. Historical lava flows of basaltic composition cover much of the surface of this massive volcano, whose edifice is the highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello stratovolcano, truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during the late Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most prominent morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km horseshoe-shaped caldera open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur at Mt. Etna. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more of the three prominent summit craters, the Central Crater, NE Crater, and SE Crater (the latter formed in 1978). Flank vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less frequently active and originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near the summit (usually accompanied by strombolian eruptions at the upper end). Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank.

The Mt. Etna is currently at the ORANGE alert level.

The volcano Mt. Etna in Sicily was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with 100.00% probability.

NEW BRITAIN (PNG)
Volcano: RABAUL

04.27S 152.20E 688m

Rabaul photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

Latest MODIS satellite image of the Rabaul eruption.

As of the 10th of May, the Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) has reported that ashfall from Rabaul volcano in Papua New Guinea has closed Tokua airport, forcing the cancellation of six flights. East New Britain’s Civil Aviation Authority said ash had been falling on the runway since Wednesday night. The runway would be fully cleared if winds change direction or if there was heavy rainfall. Rabaul's crater has been continuously deflating, going down by eight metres since the 1970s. No new material is being formed. The current eruption is old magma from beneath the caldera.

The low-lying Rabaul caldera on the tip of the Gazelle Peninsula at the NE end of New Britain forms a broad sheltered harbour utilised by what was the island's largest city prior to a major eruption in 1994. The outer flanks of the 688-m-high asymmetrical pyroclastic shield volcano are formed by thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The 8 x 14 km caldera is widely breached on the east, where its floor is flooded by Blanche Bay and was formed about 1400 years ago. An earlier caldera-forming eruption about 7100 years ago is now considered to have originated from Tavui caldera, offshore to the north. Three small stratovolcanoes lie outside the northern and NE caldera rims of Rabaul. Post-caldera eruptions built basaltic-to-dacitic pyroclastic cones on the caldera floor near the NE and western caldera walls. Several of these, including Vulcan cone, which was formed during a large eruption in 1878, have produced major explosive activity during historical time. A powerful explosive eruption in 1994 occurred simultaneously from Vulcan and Tavurvur volcanoes and forced the temporary abandonment of Rabaul city.

The Rabaul volcano is currently at the ALERT LEVEL 2 alert level.

The volcano Rabaul in New Britain (PNG) was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with 100% probability.

HAWAII
Volcano: KILAUEA

19.42N 155.29W 1222m

1st Row Left: The Halema`uma`u plume rises over Crater Rim Drive. View from Keanakakoi.
1st Row Right: Halema`uma`u's white plume drifts towards Kau in this early morning photo.

2nd Row Left: One of the best views so far into the new vent at Halema`uma`u, showing the overhanging rim above a uniformly bright orange glow.
2nd Row Right: Lava - flowing through tubes on the coastal plain - continues to reach the sea at the Waikupanaha ocean entry. In the foreground, the viewing area can be seen. Pu`u `O`o can be seen in the upper right portion of the photo.

3rd Row Left: The sea versus the new Waikupanaha lava delta. A narrow black sand beach, consisting of fragmented lava, forms at the front of the delta. In the left portion of the photo, an ocean entry plume is emitted. At its source, a new 'littoral' (coastal) cinder cone has formed as a result of small explosions at the ocean entry.

3rd Row Right: The TEB vent vigorously emits fume in the center of the photograph, with the now-inactive perched channel in the foreground.

4th Row Left: Looking upslope, a clear line of fume traces the active lava tube sourced from the Fissure D and the TEB vent, the fuming source at the top-centre of the photograph. In the upper-left Pu`u `O`o emits its own large plume.

Kilauea photos courtesy of HVO.

Continuous"Live-Cam" of Pu`u `O`o.

As of the 11th of May, it has been reported to INTLVRC direct from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), that Kilauea Volcano is active at two locations. At the summit, small amounts of ash and elevated sulfur dioxide continued to erupt from the Halema`uma`u vent. At the east rift eruption site, lava continued to erupt from the TEB vent area and flow through tubes to the ocean.

Last 24 hours at Kilauea summit: Molten lava probably exists at shallow depth within the new vent, but cannot yet be seen from the surface. Yesterday's overflight provided the best views so far of the incandescent vent throat dipping beneath at least 20 m (60 ft) of overhanging, crater filling flows. A white plume continued to issue from the vent in Halema`uma`u Crater and was being blown southwesterly. Miniscule amounts of ash continue to be found each morning in collectors beneath the plume. Overnight, the vent glowed brightly. The SO₂ emission rate remained high and variable; the most recent average measurement (May 9th) was 730 tonnes/day compared to a background rate between 150-200 tonnes/day. The summit tiltmeter network continued to record weak deflation. Seismic tremor levels remained at elevated values. GPS receivers on opposite sides of the summit caldera recorded no extension or contraction above measurement error since April 26th. Two earthquakes were located beneath the summit caldera and two on south flank faults.

Last 24 hours in the middle east rift zone vents and flow field: Magma continued to degas at shallow levels beneath Pu`u `O`o before entering the lava tube system under the TEB vent and the rootless shield complex resulting in the emission of about 2,240 tonnes/day when last measured on April 27th. No incandescence was seen in Pu`u `O`o crater overnight. The Pu`u `O`o tiltmeter recorded small oscillations but not much net change over the last two days. GPS receivers recorded continued contraction across the crater at a rate of 2 cm (0.8 in)/month. Seismic tremor levels remained at low values with occasional low-frequency tremor bursts. Incandescence was seen from the TEB vent area again last night; the intensity of the incandescence was greater than last night. Civil Defense reports vigorous ocean entry activity with small explosions throwing spatter up to 20 m (60 ft) high. No surface flows were observed. The tube system and ocean entries seem stable again.

Hazard Summary: Hazardous conditions exist in the summit area and the area between the rift zone (Pu`u `O`o to Kupaianaha) downslope to the ocean between Kalapana and Kapa`ahu.

1. Summit: The current increase in sulfur dioxide emission rates at the summit means that SO₂ concentrations in the air are likely to be at hazardous levels for areas downwind of emission sources in Halema`uma`u crater. The National Park Service has closed Crater Rim Drive through the south caldera area until further notice. Most people are sensitive to sulfur dioxide at these levels. Children and individuals with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or other breathing problems especially should avoid downwind areas. During tradewind conditions (brisk winds from the northeast), concentrations will be highest and most hazardous in the south caldera: southwest rift zone, south caldera pullouts, and the Halema`uma`u overlook parking lot - The National Park Service has closed this section of Crater Rim Drive. During weak or southerly winds, concentrations may be high and hazardous throughout the summit area of Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park and nearby communities. Stay informed about SO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in continuously monitored areas at Jaggar Museum and Kilauea Visitor Centre. The gas plume also includes fine rock dust downwind of the source. During the past few days, several people have reported a fine grit on their car windshields while driving under or in the ash plume along highway 11. The possibility of future small explosions or eruption of lava from Halema`uma`u Crater cannot be ruled out.

2. Pu`u `O`o/July 21/TEB flow field: Vent areas and lava channels are hazardous and conditions can change rapidly. Sulfur dioxide emissions from Pu`u `O`o are high and result in hazardous concentrations downwind. Access to the 7/21 eruption site in the Kahauale`a Natural Area Reserve is closed. Wao Kele o Puna is also closed.

3. There continues to be a threat from lava flows to anyone within Royal Gardens subdivision and the coastal plain. As long as lava flows are active south of fissure D, the subdivision is within likely paths of future flows. The rootless shields, which are now less than two miles from the subdivision, can collapse and release lava flows that advance that distance within a few days. Tube- or channel-fed lava flows established within the subdivision and on the coastal plain remain a threat due to tube ruptures which can produce new lava flows. Lava flows advancing through vegetation are hazardous and can produce fire and methane explosions that propel chunks of lava and rock several feet into the air. Hawai`i County Civil Defence has been notified and is taking appropriate measures.

4. Lava entering the ocean poses two additional hazards - potential collapse and laze. Lava entering the ocean builds a delta over its own rubble that is extremely unstable. That delta can collapse without warning and expose very hot surfaces to waves which can explode and throw rock debris up to one-quarter mile inland. For these reason, spectators should avoid the delta and the area one-quarter mile inland. The interaction between seawater and lava produces a steam plume laced with acids and fine particles of volcanic glass or 'laze' that is unhealthy if inhaled and can produce skin or eye irritation if contacted. Hawai`i County continues to open a public viewing area between 1400hrs and 2200hrs with the last car allowed in at 2000hrs. Three Waikupanaha and one Ki ocean entries (total of 4) were active yesterday. The only recent surface flows on the coastal plain were both located on the eastern flow field margin. One near the access road had stalled and was cooling; a second was still active and burning into the kipuka a few hundred metres (yards) from the County Viewing area and trail.

Definitions of terms used in the update: tephra: all material deposited by fallout from an eruption plume, regardless of size. ash: tephra less than 2 mm (5/64 inches). Previous updates sometimes used the term 'ash' loosely (without regard to particle size) where 'tephra' was more appropriate. TEB: Thanksgiving Eve Breakout, the designation used for lava flows that started with a breakout on November 21, 2007.

The Kilauea volcano is currently at the ORANGE alert level.

The volcano Kilauea in Hawaii was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with 100% probability.

********** CONTINUOUSLY ERUPTING VOLCANOES **********

Some volcanoes that INTLVRC monitors are, for the most part, in a state of continuous eruption. INTLVRC presents the following information on those volcanoes with links, as indicated, to various aspects of the volcano. As specific events occur, INTLVRC will update this portion of the "Current Eruptions" section.

COSTA RICA
Volcano: ARENAL

10.46N 084.70W 1670m

Arenal photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 1st of May, the Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica reported that in April there is continuing activity originating from Arenal's Crater C consisted of gas emissions, sporadic Strombolian eruptions, and occasional avalanches from lava-flow fronts that traveled down the SW flanks. Volcanic activity was at relatively low levels and few eruptions occurred. Acid rain and small amounts of ejected pyroclastic material affected the NE and SE flanks. Eruptions produced ash plumes that rose about 2.2 km (7,100 ft) a.s.l. Small avalanches of volcanic material traveled down several ravines. Crater D showed only fumarolic activity.

The Arenal Volcano, in Spanish Volcán Arenal, is an active andesitic stratovolcano in north-western Costa Rica (10.5N, 84.7W), around 90 km north-west of San José, in the province of Alajuela. Recognised as a volcano since the 19th century, it was known by foreign investigators as "Volcan Costa Rica, Rio Frio", "Canastos" Volcano and "Cerro de los Guatusos". Arenal is the youngest and most active of all the mountains in Costa Rica. Scientists have been able to date it back to more than 4000 years ago. The area remained largely unexplored until 1937, when a documented expedition took place to reach the summit.

The Current Colour Code for Arenal is ORANGE.

The volcano Arenal in Costa Rica was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with >100% probability.

SO. PACIFIC (Vanuatu)
Volcano: YASUR

19.55S 169.44E 361m

Yasur photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

As of the 1st of May, mainly from reports from colleague, John Seach of Australia, reports that Yasur is currently erupting. Strombolian and mild Vulcanian eruptions continue at Yasur volcano. Three main active vents are visible inside the summit crater. Incandescent lava explosions reached 250 m above the crater, accompanied by loud explosions. Projectiles were observed falling on the crater rim, 170 m from the vents. Yasur volcano, in southern Vanuatu continues to be one of the world's most active volcanoes. The volcano continues to erupt many times per hour as it has for at least 800 years. Yasur has been called the "Lighthouse of the Pacific" because of the regular Strombolian eruptions visible from sea. Warning: Approaching the active crater at Yasur volcano is dangerous at any time ! Observers are at risk from projectiles, toxic gas and avalanches.

Projectile ejection Yasur volcano has not produced a large destructive eruption historically. There is no indication that a large eruption will occur in the near future at Yasur volcano. Magma chamber inflation is currently being accommodated by the volcano. The largest reasonable level of activity expected is the ejection of bombs 3-4 km from the vent, and pyroclastic flows threatening low lying areas near the volcano. This type of activity would pose a danger to nearby villages. Ground deformation Yasur volcano has the second greatest level of ground uplift in the world. Since 1000 AD there has been a yearly average uplift of 149 mm. This is only beaten by Iwo Jima volcano in Japan with 200 mm uplift per year since 1200 AD. Tsunami Volcanic and tectonic earthquakes, and landslides may result in the production of tsunamis which may threaten coastal populations. Flooding Lake Siwi broke through its natural dam in 2002 flooding Sulphur Bay Village and destroying houses. Landslides Landslide and debris flow pose significant risks to the surrounding population. Uplift of the caldera creates unstable ground, combined with the deposition of unstable ash and cinders. Ashfall Periods of strong volcanic activity may cause ashfall over large areas of Tanna Island. Ashfall can damage crops, cause roofs to collapse, and result in mudflows after rain. Gas samples collected from the plume crossing Yasur crater rim in 1988 contained SO₂ and HCl gases at concentrations between 3 and 9 ppm. This is a hazardous level of gas. This level of SO₂ causes a decrease in lung function and immediate irritation of eyes nose and throat. Lava Flow Lava flows occur infrequently at Yasur volcano.

Yasur, the best-known and most frequently visited of the Vanuatu volcanoes, has been in more-or-less continuous strombolian and vulcanian activity since Captain Cook observed ash eruptions in 1774. Yasur, located at the SE tip of Tanna Island, is a mostly unvegetated 361-m-high pyroclastic cone with a nearly circular, 400-m-wide summit crater. Yasur is largely contained within the small Yenkahe caldera and is the youngest of a group of Holocene volcanic centres constructed over the down-dropped NE flank of the Pleistocene Tukosmeru volcano. Active tectonism along the Yenkahe horst accompanying eruptions of Yasur has raised Port Resolution harbour more than 20 m during the past century.

The Current Colour Code for Yasur is ALERT LEVEL 3.

The volcano Yasur in the South Pacific (Vanuatu) was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with >100% probability.

ITALY
Volcano: STROMBOLI

38.79N 015.21E 924m

Latest NOAA satellite image of Stromboli.

Continuous"Live-Cam" of Stromboli.

As of the 1st of May, the Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Catania has reported that Stromboli continues with its relentless eruptions. The volcano is remarkable because of the length of time for which it has been in almost continuous eruption. For at least the last 2,000 years, the same pattern of eruption has been maintained, in which explosions occur at the summit craters with mild to moderate eruptions of incandescent volcanic bombs at intervals ranging from minutes to hours. This characteristic Strombolian eruption, as it is known, is also observed at other volcanoes worldwide. Eruptions from the summit craters typically result in few second-lasting mild energetic bursts emitting ash, incandescent lava fragments and lithic blocks up to a few hundred meters high. Stromboli's activity is almost exclusively explosive, but lava flows do occasionally occur - an effusive eruption in 2002 was its first in 17 years.

Spectacular incandescent nighttime explosions at Stromboli volcano have long attracted visitors to the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean." Stromboli, the NE-most of the Aeolian Islands, has lent its name to the frequent mild explosive activity that has characterised its eruptions throughout much of historical time. The small, 924-m-high island of Stromboli is the emergent summit of a volcano that grew in two main eruptive cycles, the last of which formed the western portion of the island. The Neostromboli eruptive period from about 13,000 to 5000 years ago was followed by formation of the modern Stromboli edifice. The active summit vents are located at the head of the Sciara del Fuoco, a prominent horseshoe-shaped scarp formed about 5000 years ago as a result of the most recent of a series of slope failures that extend to below sea level. The modern volcano has been constructed within this scarp, which funnels pyroclastic ejecta and lava flows to the NW. Essentially continuous mild strombolian explosions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded at Stromboli for more than a millennium.

The Current Colour Code for Stromboli is ORANGE.

The volcano Stromboli in Italy was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with 100% probability.

ANTARCTICA
Volcano: Mt. EREBUS

77.53S 167.17E 3794m

Mt. Erebus photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

"Live-Cam" link to Mt. Erebus.

Link to Table of Seismic activity monitors for Mt. Erebus.

The most recent Erebus Activity Plot.

As of the 1st of May, the Mt. Erebus Volcano Observatory (MEVO) reports that the volcano continues to have frequent Strombolian eruptions with infrequent ash eruptions. Rare lava flows are confined to inner crater. Some of the notable features of Mt. Erebus are: Persistent convecting phonolite lava lake. Persistent low-level eruptive activity. One of Earth's few long-lived lava lakes. Thsi volcano is the most active volcano in Antarctica. Lavas and bombs contain large (<10 cm) phenocrysts (crystals) of anorthoclase feldspar.

Mt. Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica is the worldís southern-most active volcano. Discovered in 1841 by James Ross, it is one of only a very few volcanoes in the world with a long-lived (decades or more) lava lake. Scientific research, sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) since began the early 1970ís had included basic study of the petrology and geophysics of the volcano, the eruptive history, activity and degassing behavior of the lava lake, and the overall impact of the volcano on the Antarctica and global environment.

PPrior to the early 1990's, much was known about the geochemical evolution of lavas from Mt. Erebus. Clearly, the stratigraphically oldest lavas were of a primitive basanitic composition, while the current activity is a more chemically evolved tephriphonolite. However, only a few age dates existed for the whole of Mt. Erebus and these were limited to imprecise conventional K/Ar dates. Beginning in 1993, Dr. Philip Kyle and two of his students (Chris Harpel and Richard Esser) began utilising the more advanced, high precision 40Ar/39Ar dating technique to determine the ages of many of the exposed lava flows on Mt. Erebus. Prior to the use of 40Ar/39Ar geochronology on Mt. Erebus, what little age data existed suggested that the volcano was several million years old, including the young-looking summit area. MEVO now knows that the entire volcano is just slightly older than 1 million years old and that the summit is significantly younger than 100,000 years old. By combining the new geochronologic data with the existing database of geochemical data, MEVO can better confirm an evolutionary model for the development of Mt. Erebus.

Research on Mt. Erebus has been primarily conducted by scientists in the Department of Earth and Environmental Science and the Bureau of Geology and Mineral resources at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. Each austral summer, a group of scientists and students ascend the volcano to live and work for several weeks (early December to early January). Current research consists of 1) continued monitoring of the SO₂ flux from the lava lake, 2) measuring the CO₂ emissions from the lava lake and summit, 3) geochronology of the summit and flank lava flows, 4) continued monitoring and interpretation of seismic and seismoacoustic activity volcano through the use of a network of highly-sensitive broad-band seismometers, 5) establishing a GPS base network to monitor the short- and long-term deformation of the volcano.

Mt. Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica is the world's southern-most active volcano. Discovered in 1841 by James Ross, it is one of only a very few volcanoes in the world with a long-lived (decades or more) lava lake. Scientific research, sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) since began the early 1970ís had included basic study of the petrology and geophysics of the volcano, the eruptive history, activity and degassing behavior of the lava lake, and the overall impact of the volcano on the Antarctica and global environment.

The Current Colour Code for Mt. Erebus is ORANGE.

The Mt. Erebus volcano in Antarctica was successfully forecasted by INTLVRC's programme ERUPTION Pro 10.7 to erupt in 2008 with 100% probability.

********** SUBMARINE VOLCANOES **********

Albeit that INTLVRC does not normally monitor and/or forecast submarine volcanoes, except volcano Kick-'em-Jenny in the West Indies & Home Reef volcano in the Tonga Is.. Occasionally information is released concerning submarine volcanoes and they are presented here for informational purposes only.

There are no submarine volcanoes to be reported at this time.